Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management
Assessing the Energy Metabolism of Urban Systems: A Comparison of Napoli and Hong Kong Through the MuSIASEM Approach
Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management 7(2) (2019) 185--196 | DOI:10.5890/JEAM.2019.06.005
Renato F. Rallo, Amalia Zucaro
Department of Science and Technology, Parthenope University, Napoli, Italy
Download Full Text PDF
Abstract
Urbanization, that is the expansion of cities and the emptying of the countryside, has been the trend of the last decades and does not seem to stop. In light of this phenomenon, quantitatively analyzing cities through shared and standardized methods has become a scientific urgency. Nevertheless, the efforts made so far have proved to be insufficient, and a science of cities is still far from being constituted. In this paper we present a first attempt to evaluate the energy metabolism of Napoli and Hong Kong through the Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and EcosystemMetabolism (MuSIASEM) and its End-Use Matrix, that is connecting produced and consumed flows to their users. The comparative analysis provides interesting results and potentially allows for useful policy recommendations.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support received from the EU Project ‘EUFORIE - European Futures for Energy Efficiency’, funded under H2020-EU.3.3.6. - Robust decision making and public engagement.
Authors would also like to thank Maria Iaccarino, from the Sustainable Development Office Bureau at the Municipality of Napoli, and the Planning Department of Hong Kong, for their kind help in supplying data.
References
-
[1]  | Batty, M. (2008), The size, scale, and shape of cities, Science, 319(5864), 769-771. |
-
[2]  | Batty, M. (2012), Building a science of cities, Cities, 29(SUPPL. 1), S9-S16. |
-
[3]  | Bettencourt, L.M., Lobo, J., Helbing, D., Kühnert, C., andWest, G.B. (2007), Growth, innovation, scaling, and the pace of life in cities, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104(17), 7301-7306. |
-
[4]  | Bettencourt, L.M. (2013), The origins of scaling in cities, Science, 340(6139), 1438-1441. |
-
[5]  | Climate-Data.org (2018), Climate Data. Available at: https://en.climate-data.org/location/977986/. |
-
[6]  | di Napoli, C. (2012), Piano per l'Energia Sostenibile (PAES). |
-
[7]  | Department, H.K.C. and S. (2012), Hong Kong Census and Statistic Department. |
-
[8]  | Environment Bureau, H. (2015), Energy Saving Plan for Hong Kong's Built Environment 2015-2025+. |
-
[9]  | Environment Bureau, H. (2017), Hong Kong's Climate action plan 2030+. Available at: https://www.enb.gov.hk/sites/ default/files/pdf/ClimateActionPlanEng.pdf. |
-
[10]  | European Commission (2014), 2030 climate and energy goals for a competitive, secure and low-carbon EU economy, Press Release. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/2030/documentation en.htm. |
-
[11]  | European Union (2007a), 2020 Climate & Energy package. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ strategies/ 2020 en. |
-
[12]  | European Union (2007b), Limiting Global Climate Change to 2 degrees Celsius The way ahead for 2020 and beyond.Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2007:0002:FIN:EN:PDF. |
-
[13]  | European Union (2008), The covenant of Mayors for Climate & Energy. Available at: https://www.eumayors.eu/IMG/pdf/ covenantofmayors text en.pdf. |
-
[14]  | Facchini, A., Kennedy, C., Stewart, I., and Mele, R. (2017), The energy metabolism of megacities, Applied Energy 186, 86-95. |
-
[15]  | Fang, C. and Yu, D. (2017), Urban agglomeration: An evolving concept of an emerging phenomenon, Landscape and Urban Planning, 162, 126-136. |
-
[16]  | Fischer-Kowalski, M., Krausmann, F., Giljum, S., Lutter, S., Mayer, A., Bringezu, S., Moriguchi, Y., Schütz, H., Schandl, H., and Weisz, H. (2011), Methodology and indicators of economy-wide material flow accounting: State of the art and reliability across sources, Journal of Industrial Ecology, 15(6), 855-876. |
-
[17]  | Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1971), The entropy law and the economic process, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. |
-
[18]  | Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1975), Energy and Economic Myths, Southern Economic Journal, 41(3), 347-381. |
-
[19]  | Giampietro, M., Aspinall, R.J., Ramos-Martin, J., and Bukkens, S.G.F. (2014), Resource Accounting for Sustainability Assessment. Routledge. |
-
[20]  | Giampietro, M. and Mayumi, K. (2000), Multiple-scale integrated assessments of societal metabolism: Integrating biophysical and economic representations across scales, Population and Environment, 22(2), 155-210. |
-
[21]  | Government of China (2017), 13th Five Year Plan on Energy Development. Available at: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017- 01/05/content 5156795.htm?allContent#1. |
-
[22]  | Hong Kong Thematic Household Survey, Report No. 56 (2015), https://www.statistics.gov.hk/pub/B11302562015XXXXB0100.pdf. |
-
[23]  | Hong Kong Tourism Board Annual report 2012-2013 (2013), https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/counmtg/ papers/cm1218-sp051-e.pdf. |
-
[24]  | Hoornweg, D.A., Campillo, G., and Linders, D. (2012), Mainstreaming Urban Metabolism: Advances and challenges in city participation, in Sixth Urban Research and Knowledge Symposium. |
-
[25]  | IEA (2016), Energy Technology Perspectives 2016, IEA 14. |
-
[26]  | Istat (2018). Available at: https://www.istat.it/. |
-
[27]  | Kennedy, C., Stewart, I.D., Ibrahim, N., Facchini, A., and Mele, R. (2014), Developing a multi-layered indicator set for urban metabolism studies in megacities, Ecological Indicators, 47, 7-15. |
-
[28]  | Kennedy, C., Cuddihy, J. and Engel-Yan, J. (2007), The Changing Metabolism of Cities, Journal of Industrial Ecology 11(2), 43-59. |
-
[29]  | Kennedy, C., Pincetl, S., and Bunje, P. (2011), The study of urban metabolism and its applications to urban planning and design, Environmental Pollution, 159(8-9), 1965-1973. |
-
[30]  | Kovacic, Z. and Giampietro, M. (2017), Between theory and quantification: An integrated analysis of metabolic patterns of informal urban settlements, Energy Policy, 100, 377-386. |
-
[31]  | Lobo Aleu, A. and Baeza, M.A. (2009), A First Attempt of Geographically-Distributed Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM), Barcelona. |
-
[32]  | Lu, Y., Geng, Y., Qian, Y.Y., Han, W.Y., McDowall, W., and Bleischwitz, R. (2016), Changes of human time and land use pattern in one mega city's urban metabolism: A multi-scale integrated analysis of Shanghai, Journal of Cleaner Prodction, 133, 391-401. |
-
[33]  | Parliament of United Kingdom (2015), The UK's relations with Hong Kong: 30 years after the Joint Declaration. Available at: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201415/cmselect/cmfaff/649/649.pdf. |
-
[34]  | Petroff, A. (2015), The 10 hardest working global cities, CNN Money. Available at: https://money.cnn.com/gallery/pf/ 2015/09/19/hardest-working-cities/index.html. |
-
[35]  | Pincetl, S. and Bunje, P. (2009), Potential Targets and Benefits for Urban Energy Systems Research. https://www.energy.ca.gov/2010publications/CEC-500-2010-009/CEC-500-2010-009.pdf. |
-
[36]  | Potere, D. and Schneider, A. (2007), A critical look at representations of urban areas in global maps, GeoJournal, 69(1-2), 55-80. |
-
[37]  | Ramos-Martín, J., Cañellas-Boltà, S., Giampietro, M. and Gamboa, G. (2009), Catalonia's energy metabolism: Using the MuSIASEM approach at different scales, Energy Policy, 37(11), 4658-4671. |
-
[38]  | Sánchez, L. P. et al. (2017), Energy performance at city level - the societal metabolism of Barcelona, in Energy futures, environment and well-being, pp. 203-210. |
-
[39]  | Transport and Housing Bureau, H. (2017), Public Transport Strategy Study. Available at: http://www.td.gov.hk/ filemanager/ en/ publication/ptss final report eng.pdf. |
-
[40]  | Tuttitalia (2018), Available at: https://www.tuttitalia.it/. |
-
[41]  | United Nations (2016), The World's Cities in 2016: Data Booklet. Available at: http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/ population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the worlds cities in 2016 data booklet.pdf. |
-
[42]  | Viglia, S., Civitillo, D.F., Cacciapuoti, G., and Ulgiati, S. (2017), Indicators of environmental loading and sustainability of urban systems. An emergy-based environmental footprint, Ecological Indicators 0-1. |
-
[43]  | Weather Base (2018),Weather Base. Available at: http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=098261&refer =&units=metric. |
-
[44]  | Weisz, H. and Steinberger, J.K. (2010), Reducing energy and material flows in cities, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2(3), 185-192. |
-
[45]  | Wolman, A. (1965), The Metabolism of Cities, Scientific American, 213(3), 178-190. |
-
[46]  | Yupina, N.G. (2018), Will Hong Kong's problem with long working hours ever come to an end?, South China Morning Post, Available at: Will Hong Kong's problem with long working hours ever come to an end? |
-
[47]  | Zhao, X.F., Jiang, H., Wang, H.N., Zhao, J.J., Qiu, Q.Y., Tapper, N., and Hua, L.Z. (2013), Remotely sensed thermal pollution and its relationship with energy consumption and industry in a rapidly urbanizing Chinese city, Energy Policy, 57, 398-406. |
-
[48]  | Zucaro, A., Mellino, S., Ghisellini, P., and Viglia, S. (2013), Environmental performance and biophysical constrains of italian agriculture across time and space scales, Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management, 1(1), 65-83. |