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ISSN:2325-6192 (print)
ISSN:2325-6206 (online)
Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management
António Mendes Lopes (editor), Jiazhong Zhang(editor)
António Mendes Lopes (editor)

University of Porto, Portugal

Email: aml@fe.up.pt

Jiazhong Zhang (editor)

School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710049, China

Fax: +86 29 82668723 Email: jzzhang@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

Fear Effects in an Interaction between Immature Prey, Mature Prey and Predator

Journal of Environmental Accounting and Management 13(1) (2025) 25--39 | DOI:10.5890/JEAM.2025.03.003

Sailen Gayen$^1$, Prabir Panja$^1$, Dipak Kumar Jana$^2$

$^1$ Department of Applied Science, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, Purba Midnapur-721657, West Bengal, India

$^2$ Principal, Gangarampur College, Gangarampur, Dakshin Dinajpur, 733124, West Bengal, India

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Abstract

This article provides a predator-prey model that takes into account interactions between immature prey and mature prey as well as the predator. In this model, the idea of predator-induced fear in immature prey is incorporated. It is assumed that predators may kill immature prey more easily than they do mature prey. Immature prey is considered to reproduce at a rate that depends on the mature prey. It is also considered that a portion of immature prey may become mature prey. The intra-specific competition among mature prey has been considered. The stability of the system is examined around some potential equilibrium points that have been calculated. The existence conditions of the Hopf bifurcation of the model are investigated with respect to the fear of predator. It is observed that an increase in the fear of predators towards immature prey may stabilize the model. It is found that the increase in the intrinsic growth rate of immature prey may destabilize the model due to the fear of predators. An increase in mature prey may cause instability in the model due to the fear of predators. It is seen that the model may become stable as intra-species competition among mature prey increases.

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